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Title recovery of bioactive compounds from the biomass of aromatic plants after distillation using nades: a sustainable alternative extraction method
Journal molecules
Year 2025
DOI https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30051120
Cited By 7
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Abstract
the extraction processes for medicinal plants, particularly the distillation of aromatic plants, generate significant quantities of by-products, consisting of fibrous biomass and hydrosols. these by-products pose challenges for disposal and recovery. consequently, it is imperative to make the entire highly energy-intensive process more sustainable by valorizing all derivatives. this study aims to recover polyphenols from the exhausted biomasses of artemisia dracunculus, echinacea purpurea, helichrysum italicum (from the asteraceae family), and lavandula angustifolia, lavandula x intermedia, melissa officinalis, salvia officinalis, salvia sclarea, and salvia rosmarinus (from the lamiaceae family) after steam distillation. the residual biomasses were extracted using ethanol (conventional solvent) and different natural deep eutectic solvents (nades) composed of choline chloride in combination with citric and lactic acids at different molar ratios. the nades containing choline chloride and lactic acid at the molar ratio 1:1 (cla11) exhibited the highest recovery of representative phenols of the plants, namely chicoric and rosmarinic acids. the cla11 solvent demonstrated a stronger extractive capacity compared to ethanol in all the biomasses belonging to the asteraceae and lamiaceae families. specifically, cla11 extracts showed a higher number of compounds in uhplc-hrms and greater concentrations of chicoric and rosmarinic acids determined by hplc-dad than ethanol extracts. in conclusion, nades were demonstrated to be a viable alternative system for the recovery of bioactive compounds that could be used to formulate new products for the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. moreover, the use of nades can enhance the sustainability of the whole production chain of essential oils being environmentally friendly.
6
Plants
69
Compounds
154
Records

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⚖️ Weighted (by Amount)
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Compounds
Plants
Plant Parts
All Records
CompoundCount
alpha-pinene6
beta-pinene6
beta-caryophyllene6
camphene5
delta-cadinene5
myrcene5
para-cymene5
caryophyllene oxide4
ar-curcumene4
alpha-copaene4
bornyl acetate4
linalool4
limonene4
terpinen-4-ol3
trans-beta-ocimene3
beta-cubebene3
alpha-humulene trans-alpha-3
beta-farnesene3
germacrene d3
alpha-selinene3
sabinene3
linalyl acetate2
nerol2
beta-selinene2
delta-elemene2
gamma-cadinene2
octanone2
neryl acetate2
alpha-terpinene2
1,8-cineole2
cis-beta-ocimene2
gamma-terpinene2
alpha-terpineol2
camphor2
borneol2
para-cymen-8-ol2
beta-bourbonene2
terpinolene2
bergamotene2
alpha-fenchol2
spathulenol2
alpha-phellandrene1
alpha-thujene1
beta-curcumene1
trans-rose oxide1
neryl propanoate1
beta-bisabolene1
estragole1
italidione ii1
gamma-curcumene1
nerol oxide1
italidione iii1
italicene1
cis-alpha-bergamotene1
myrtenal1
delta-3-carene1
nerolidol1
geranyl acetate1
geranial1
geraniol1
piperitone1
neral1
citronellol1
menthone1
citronellal1
6-camphenol1
alloaromadendrene1
beta-thujone1
alpha-thujone1
PlantFamily
Artemisia dracunculusasteraceae
Echinacea purpureaasteraceae
Helichrysum italicumasteraceae
Lavandula angustifolialamiaceae
Melissa officinalislamiaceae
Salvia officinalislamiaceae
Plant PartCount
aerial parts154
PlantCompoundPart%
Artemisia dracunculus alpha-pinene aerial parts 1.53
Artemisia dracunculus ar-curcumene aerial parts 0.38
Artemisia dracunculus beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 0.23
Artemisia dracunculus beta-pinene aerial parts 0.17
Artemisia dracunculus beta-selinene aerial parts 0.25
Artemisia dracunculus bornyl acetate aerial parts 0.11
Artemisia dracunculus camphene aerial parts 0.13
Artemisia dracunculus cis-beta-ocimene aerial parts 11.5
Artemisia dracunculus estragole aerial parts 65.15
Artemisia dracunculus limonene aerial parts 3.63
Artemisia dracunculus myrcene aerial parts 0.15
Artemisia dracunculus trans-beta-ocimene aerial parts 15.7
Artemisia dracunculus trans-rose oxide aerial parts 0.24
Echinacea purpurea alpha-copaene aerial parts 0.24
Echinacea purpurea alpha-humulene trans-alpha- aerial parts 0.65
Echinacea purpurea alpha-phellandrene aerial parts 0.76
Echinacea purpurea alpha-pinene aerial parts 5.56
Echinacea purpurea alpha-selinene aerial parts 1.86
Echinacea purpurea beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 2.5
Echinacea purpurea beta-cubebene aerial parts 0.94
Echinacea purpurea beta-farnesene aerial parts 1.13
Echinacea purpurea beta-pinene aerial parts 1.33
Echinacea purpurea camphene aerial parts 0.17
Echinacea purpurea caryophyllene oxide aerial parts 1.65
Echinacea purpurea delta-cadinene aerial parts 1.31
Echinacea purpurea delta-elemene aerial parts 0.27
Echinacea purpurea germacrene d aerial parts 66.43
Echinacea purpurea myrcene aerial parts 7.98
Echinacea purpurea para-cymene aerial parts 0.89
Echinacea purpurea spathulenol aerial parts 0.57
Helichrysum italicum 1,8-cineole aerial parts 0.76
Helichrysum italicum alpha-copaene aerial parts 1.31
Helichrysum italicum alpha-pinene aerial parts 24.53
Helichrysum italicum alpha-selinene aerial parts 6.38
Helichrysum italicum alpha-terpinene aerial parts 0.24
Helichrysum italicum alpha-terpineol aerial parts 0.35
Helichrysum italicum ar-curcumene aerial parts 9.85
Helichrysum italicum beta-bisabolene aerial parts 0.26
Helichrysum italicum beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 3.49
Helichrysum italicum beta-curcumene aerial parts 0.37
Helichrysum italicum beta-farnesene aerial parts 0.31
Helichrysum italicum beta-pinene aerial parts 1.07
Helichrysum italicum beta-selinene aerial parts 2.41
Helichrysum italicum camphene aerial parts 0.99
Helichrysum italicum cis-alpha-bergamotene aerial parts 0.86
Helichrysum italicum delta-cadinene aerial parts 0.11
Helichrysum italicum gamma-cadinene aerial parts 0.14
Helichrysum italicum gamma-curcumene aerial parts 2.01
Helichrysum italicum gamma-terpinene aerial parts 0.71
Helichrysum italicum italicene aerial parts 2.65
Helichrysum italicum italidione ii aerial parts 9.55
Helichrysum italicum italidione iii aerial parts 0.96
Helichrysum italicum limonene aerial parts 7.77
Helichrysum italicum linalool aerial parts 0.87
Helichrysum italicum nerol aerial parts 1.04
Helichrysum italicum nerol oxide aerial parts 0.72
Helichrysum italicum neryl acetate aerial parts 1.54
Helichrysum italicum neryl propanoate aerial parts 2.47
Helichrysum italicum octanone aerial parts 0.17
Helichrysum italicum para-cymene aerial parts 0.29
Helichrysum italicum sabinene aerial parts 0.15
Helichrysum italicum terpinen-4-ol aerial parts 0.31
Helichrysum italicum terpinolene aerial parts 0.21
Helichrysum italicum trans-beta-ocimene aerial parts 0.32
Lavandula angustifolia 1,8-cineole aerial parts 1.62
Lavandula angustifolia alpha-fenchol aerial parts 1.04
Lavandula angustifolia alpha-humulene trans-alpha- aerial parts 0.34
Lavandula angustifolia alpha-pinene aerial parts 0.6
Lavandula angustifolia alpha-terpinene aerial parts 0.18
Lavandula angustifolia alpha-terpineol aerial parts 0.64
Lavandula angustifolia ar-curcumene aerial parts 0.43
Lavandula angustifolia bergamotene aerial parts 0.26
Lavandula angustifolia beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 3.3
Lavandula angustifolia beta-cubebene aerial parts 0.67
Lavandula angustifolia beta-pinene aerial parts 0.15
Lavandula angustifolia borneol aerial parts 1.32
Lavandula angustifolia bornyl acetate aerial parts 0.8
Lavandula angustifolia camphene aerial parts 0.18
Lavandula angustifolia camphor aerial parts 0.35
Lavandula angustifolia caryophyllene oxide aerial parts 0.23
Lavandula angustifolia cis-beta-ocimene aerial parts 3.04
Lavandula angustifolia delta-3-carene aerial parts 0.48
Lavandula angustifolia delta-cadinene aerial parts 0.24
Lavandula angustifolia gamma-terpinene aerial parts 0.13
Lavandula angustifolia limonene aerial parts 1.07
Lavandula angustifolia linalool aerial parts 35.19
Lavandula angustifolia linalyl acetate aerial parts 34.01
Lavandula angustifolia myrcene aerial parts 1.21
Lavandula angustifolia myrtenal aerial parts 0.15
Lavandula angustifolia neryl acetate aerial parts 0.29
Lavandula angustifolia octanone aerial parts 0.43
Lavandula angustifolia para-cymene aerial parts 0.29
Lavandula angustifolia sabinene aerial parts 0.42
Lavandula angustifolia terpinen-4-ol aerial parts 5.59
Lavandula angustifolia trans-beta-ocimene aerial parts 4.04
Melissa officinalis 6-camphenol aerial parts 0.21
Melissa officinalis alpha-copaene aerial parts 0.69
Melissa officinalis alpha-fenchol aerial parts 0.25
Melissa officinalis alpha-humulene trans-alpha- aerial parts 1.93
Melissa officinalis alpha-pinene aerial parts 0.18
Melissa officinalis beta-bourbonene aerial parts 0.41
Melissa officinalis beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 17.08
Melissa officinalis beta-cubebene aerial parts 0.39
Melissa officinalis beta-farnesene aerial parts 0.15
Melissa officinalis beta-pinene aerial parts 1.05
Melissa officinalis bornyl acetate aerial parts 0.33
Melissa officinalis caryophyllene oxide aerial parts 20.64
Melissa officinalis citronellal aerial parts 9.43
Melissa officinalis citronellol aerial parts 0.18
Melissa officinalis delta-cadinene aerial parts 0.19
Melissa officinalis delta-elemene aerial parts 0.24
Melissa officinalis gamma-cadinene aerial parts 0.41
Melissa officinalis geranial aerial parts 12.74
Melissa officinalis geraniol aerial parts 2.02
Melissa officinalis geranyl acetate aerial parts 3.5
Melissa officinalis germacrene d aerial parts 1.1
Melissa officinalis linalool aerial parts 0.61
Melissa officinalis linalyl acetate aerial parts 0.3
Melissa officinalis menthone aerial parts 0.22
Melissa officinalis myrcene aerial parts 0.54
Melissa officinalis neral aerial parts 6.49
Melissa officinalis nerol aerial parts 0.18
Melissa officinalis nerolidol aerial parts 0.97
Melissa officinalis para-cymen-8-ol aerial parts 0.76
Melissa officinalis para-cymene aerial parts 0.16
Melissa officinalis piperitone aerial parts 0.5
Salvia officinalis alloaromadendrene aerial parts 0.23
Salvia officinalis alpha-copaene aerial parts 0.11
Salvia officinalis alpha-pinene aerial parts 3.84
Salvia officinalis alpha-selinene aerial parts 0.75
Salvia officinalis alpha-thujene aerial parts 0.19
Salvia officinalis alpha-thujone aerial parts 10.7
Salvia officinalis ar-curcumene aerial parts 0.15
Salvia officinalis bergamotene aerial parts 1.8
Salvia officinalis beta-bourbonene aerial parts 0.11
Salvia officinalis beta-caryophyllene aerial parts 4.62
Salvia officinalis beta-pinene aerial parts 0.12
Salvia officinalis beta-thujone aerial parts 5.7
Salvia officinalis borneol aerial parts 1.62
Salvia officinalis bornyl acetate aerial parts 1.5
Salvia officinalis camphene aerial parts 6.29
Salvia officinalis camphor aerial parts 22.41
Salvia officinalis caryophyllene oxide aerial parts 0.96
Salvia officinalis delta-cadinene aerial parts 0.28
Salvia officinalis germacrene d aerial parts 0.12
Salvia officinalis limonene aerial parts 21.42
Salvia officinalis linalool aerial parts 0.15
Salvia officinalis myrcene aerial parts 2
Salvia officinalis para-cymen-8-ol aerial parts 0.19
Salvia officinalis para-cymene aerial parts 0.4
Salvia officinalis sabinene aerial parts 4.39
Salvia officinalis spathulenol aerial parts 0.76
Salvia officinalis terpinen-4-ol aerial parts 0.43
Salvia officinalis terpinolene aerial parts 0.11